AN ASSESSMENT OF THE SOCIOECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF TEENAGE PREGNANCY AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN IFO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, OGUN STATE, NIGERIA

TOPIC IS SUITABLE FOR:
1-Department of Public Health
2-Department of Sociology
3-Department of Nursing Science
4-Department of Health Education

TOPIC: AN ASSESSMENT OF THE SOCIOECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF TEENAGE PREGNANCY AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN IFO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, OGUN STATE, NIGERIA

TABLE OF CONTENT
Abstract
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
1.2 Statement of the Problem
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Research Questions
1.5 Significance of the Study
1.6 Scope of the Study
1.7 Definition of Terms
CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 Conceptual Framework
2.2 Theoretical Framework
2.3 Empirical Review
2.4 Summary of Literature Review
CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY    
3.1 Research Design    
3.2 Research Setting         
3.3 Target population                                  
3.4 Sample size 
3.5 Sampling technique    
3.6 Instruments for data collection     
3.7 Validity and Reliability of Instrument
3.8. Pilot Study    
3.9 Method of data collection 
3.10 Method of data analysis     
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
4.0 Introduction
4.1 Data Presentation
4.2 Demographic Analysis 
4.3 Analysis of the Influence of Family Socioeconomic Status on Teenage Pregnancy among Secondary School Students in Ifo Local Government Area, Ogun State
4.4 Analysis of the Effect of Dysfunctional Family Setting on Teenage Pregnancy among Secondary School Students in Ifo Local Government Area, Ogun State
CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS
5.1 Discussion of Findings    
5.2 Implications of findings to nursing                            
5.3 Limitations of the study                            
5.4 Summary of the study                                      
5.5 Conclusion                                    
5.6 Recommendations                                 
5.7 Suggestions for further studies  
References
Appendix

ABSTRACT
This study was carried out to examine the socioeconomic determinants of teenage pregnancy among secondary school students in Ifo Local Government Area, Ogun State, Nigeria. The study was specifically carried out to examine the influence of family socioeconomic status on teenage pregnancy, assess the effect of dysfunctional family setting on teenage pregnancy, determine the influence of poor household income on teenage pregnancy and examine the effect of peer influence on teenage pregnancy among secondary school students in Ifo Local Government Area, Ogun State. The study employed the descriptive survey research design. Hence, the questionnaire was used for data collection, while the data collected were analyzed using frequency tables and percentage scores under descriptive statistical method. A total population of 1,248 secondary school students was used while a sample size of 303 was determined using Taro Yamane formula and a validated sample of 288 respondents was analyzed. The participants consisted of secondary school students selected through multi-stage sampling technique involving stratified and convenience sampling methods. From the responses obtained and analyzed, the findings reveal that family socioeconomic status influences teenage pregnancy with 38.9% strongly agreeing that low socioeconomic background increases risk, while 41.7% agreed that adequate family income reduces likelihood. It also shows that dysfunctional family setting affects teenage pregnancy as 45.1% strongly agreed that stable homes reduce risky behaviour, while 43.4% strongly agreed that lack of parental supervision increases risk. Furthermore, poor household income influences teenage pregnancy with 41.0% strongly agreeing that low-income households increase vulnerability, while 43.4% strongly agreed that adequate income reduces pregnancy risk. Likewise, peer influence significantly affects teenage pregnancy as 44.4% strongly agreed that peers influence behaviour, while 42.4% strongly agreed that exposure to risky peers increases pregnancy likelihood. The study therefore recommends that government should strengthen poverty alleviation programmes, parents should ensure stable family environments, schools should intensify reproductive health education and community stakeholders should promote positive peer influence among adolescents.
Keywords: Teenage pregnancy, socioeconomic status, family structure, peer influence, secondary school students.

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION (Preview)
1.1 Background of the Study
The social and economic environment within which individuals grow and develop plays a fundamental role in shaping their life chances, behaviours, and overall wellbeing. Socioeconomic conditions are an overall social disadvantage that reflects the levels of income, education, employment and access to key resources that a household or person has which affects their standard of living. All these conditions are acknowledged as factors of human development and especially at the adolescent age period, which is the period of rapid changes in physical, psychological and social conditions. Adolescence is a period of life which is sensitive during the process of identity formation, values and behaviour patterns are formed and will last up to adulthood (Madume et al. (2021). Similarly, Esan et al. (2022) reported that family socioeconomic status has a significant impact on the exposure of adolescents to opportunities, their decisions and life trajectory. Bolarinwa et al. (2022) also pointed out that inequalities in the socioeconomic status can be seen to affect access to education, health, and social support systems, which consequently influence developmental outcomes in different groups.
From this perspective, socioeconomic determinants play a significant role in the study of reproductive health of adolescents, which is defined as the state of physical, mental and social wellbeing in relation to the reproductive system in adolescents. Adolescent reproductive health needs good information, parental guidance and supportive environments to allow for good decisions. Okoli et al. (2022) pointed out that there was a strong correlation between adolescents' awareness and understanding of reproductive health related problems and their level of education and socioeconomic status of their families. Adeyemi et al. (2024) further noted that adolescents from higher socio-economic status are more likely to receive accurate information as well as better quality education and supportive communication channels to help them make decisions on their behaviour. Likewise, Kareem et al. (2023) emphasized that the socioeconomic context can affect the quality of peer relationships and access to information about health, which can affect adolescents' reproductive attitudes and behaviors.
Teenage pregnancy is a major outcome among adolescents which has been a focus of sustained academic interest in the wider debate on adolescent reproductive health. Teenage pregnancy is defined as a girl age 13-19 falling pregnant, which is likely to be during school or before she has reached full social and economic independence. Alukagberie et al. (2023) said that teenage pregnancy is not a single cause phenomenon but a complicated phenomenon of social, economic and environmental factors. Kalulu et al. (2024) also revealed that the factors like parent's income, parent's educational status, and family structure play a significant role in determining the risk of teenage pregnancy among the adolescent girls. Olowu et al. (2024) stated that the socioeconomic deprivation of adolescents contributes to their vulnerability to risky behaviour because of the lack of supervision, access to reproductive health education, and limited opportunities in life. Together these conditions contribute to the reproductive choices and outcomes of adolescents in various societies.
Teenage pregnancy is a major issue in Nigeria and especially among secondary school students who are still in the most critical age range of adolescence and have yet to complete formal education. Secondary school students are a key population to investigate reproductive health because they are impacted by the school environment as well as the socioeconomic status of the family. John et al. (2026) indicated that factors such as parental education, occupation and income play a significant role that affect adolescents reproductive awareness and behaviour in school environment. Moreover, Raji et al. (2025) highlighted the crucial role of socioeconomic status differences among the communities in influencing adolescents' access to guidance, supervision, and educational support. This socioeconomic inequality is seen between households and communities within the LGA and this is a suitable context to explore teenage pregnancy in Ogun State, especially Ifo LGA. The socioeconomic determinants of adolescent pregnancy among secondary school students in Ifo Local Government Area, therefore, are crucial to place the issue in its context and help contribute to the body of knowledge on adolescent pregnancy in Nigeria (Ayodele et al., 2026; Adeyemi et al., 2024).

1.2 Statement of  the Problem    
Adolescent development is a developmental period that is crucial to human growth and development where there are significant changes occurring in the biological, psychological and social aspects that may impact on future wellbeing. In this period, socioeconomic factors like family income, family education and the availability of various resources are significant factors that contribute to the behavior and choices of adolescents. Adolescence is a formative period where identity and behavioural orientations are slowly developed as outlined by Madume et al. (2021) and Esan et al. (2022) noted that the socioeconomic status of the family has an impact on the exposure of adolescents to opportunities and social development. Likewise, Bolarinwa et al. (2022) reported that socioeconomic factors can influence a youth's education and health information. In addition, Okoli et al. (2022) also pointed out that adolescents' reproductive health knowledge is significantly affected by their level of education and socioeconomic status, thus affecting their overall development.
Adolescent pregnancy has been a problem in many developing societies like Nigeria, even though socioeconomic conditions influence adolescent development. It has been observed that many secondary school learners are at risk of having a child, due to low parental supervision, low reproductive health information access and under different socioeconomic factors. Alukagberie et al., (2023) noted that teenage pregnancy is a result of a combination of social and economic factors, and Kalulu et al., (2024) found that the educational level and income of the parents are critical factors that influences adolescent reproductive behaviour. Olowu et al., (2024) also described how poverty contributes to adolescent risky sexual behaviour, while Adeyemi et al., (2024) pointed out the lack of information and guidance puts adolescents at risk of reproductive health issues. This is in contrast to the desired scenario where adolescents, especially secondary school pupils, are well counselled, educated and supported to prevent early pregnancy and a successful completion of their secondary education.
Previous studies, however, have failed to fully describe the interactive effects of distinct socioeconomic factors on adolescent pregnancy among secondary school students in a localised setting like Ifo Local Government Area, Ogun State. John et al., (2026) and Raji et al., (2025) had underscored the role of socioeconomic factors like parental occupation, income and education in adolescent reproductive outcomes, but there is inadequate context specific evidence on how these factors work in a school-based population. Kareem et al. (2023) reported that experiences of adolescents are not uniform across socio-economic settings and Ayodele et al. (2026) emphasized the need for research focused on specific contexts to gain a deeper understanding of reproductive health outcomes among young people. Okoli et al. (2022) also pointed out obvious lack of empirical evidence in the relationship between socioeconomic indicators and teenage pregnancy directly among in-school adolescents. This study, therefore, aims to fill this gap, by looking at socioeconomic factors that influence teenage pregnancy among secondary school students in Ifo LGA, Ogun State.
1.3 Objective of the Study
The main purpose of this study is to investigate the socioeconomic determinants of teenage pregnancy among secondary school students in Ifo Local Government Area, Ogun State, Nigeria. The specific objectives of the study seek to:
1.Examine the influence of family socioeconomic status on teenage pregnancy among secondary school students in Ifo Local Government Area, Ogun State.
2.Assess the effect of dysfunctional family setting on teenage pregnancy among secondary school students in Ifo Local Government Area, Ogun State
3.Determine the influence of poor household income on teenage pregnancy among secondary school students in Ifo Local Government Area, Ogun State.
4.Examine the effect of peer influence on teenage pregnancy among secondary school students in Ifo Local Government Area, Ogun State.
OTHER PARTS OF CHAPTER ONE INCLUDE:
1.4 Research Questions
1.5 Significance of the Study
1.6 Scope of the Study
1.7 Operational Definition of Terms

CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF LITERATURE (Preview)
This chapter critically examines relevant literature that would assist in explaining the research problem and, furthermore, recognizes the efforts of scholars who had previously contributed immensely to similar research. The chapter intends to deepen the understanding of the study and close the perceived gaps. This chapter, therefore, focuses on the concept of teenage pregnancy, the concept of socioeconomic determinants, prevalence and causes of teenage pregnancy, socioeconomic factors influencing teenage pregnancy, the effects of teenage pregnancy on secondary school students, and strategies for preventing teenage pregnancy among secondary school students in Ifo Local Government Area, Ogun State, Nigeria. The chapter covers the following subheadings:
2.1 Conceptual Framework
2.2 Theoretical Framework
2.3 Empirical Review
2.4 Summary of Literature Review

CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY (Preview)
Research Design: The study adopted a descriptive research design.
Population of the Study: The population of the study comprises secondary school students in selected public and private secondary schools in Ifo Local Government Area, Ogun State, Nigeria.
Sample Size Determination: The study adopted the Taro Yamane formula to determine a sample size of 303 participants.
Sampling Technique: The study employed a multi-stage sampling technique, involving stratified and convenience sampling, to select the respondents.
Research Instrument: The study utilized a structured questionnaire titled “Socioeconomic Determinants of Teenage Pregnancy among Secondary School Students in Ifo Local Government Area, Ogun State, Nigeria” as the instrument for data collection.
Methods of Data Analysis: The collected data were analyzed using frequencies and percentages to summarize and present the demographic characteristics of the respondents and their opinions. The data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), and the results were presented in tables, charts, and graphs.

CHAPTER FOUR; DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
MAJOR FINDINGS (Preview)
The analysis results were presented in tables. Based on the results obtained from the analysis, the following findings are made:

i. The study found that family socioeconomic status influences teenage pregnancy among secondary school students in Ifo Local Government Area, Ogun State, Nigeria, as evidenced by the majority of respondents agreeing that students from low socioeconomic families are more exposed to teenage pregnancy risk (72.2%), adequate family income helps reduce the likelihood of teenage pregnancy (73.0%), and poor parental financial support increases vulnerability to risky sexual behaviour (72.9%).

ii. The study found that dysfunctional family settings influence teenage pregnancy among secondary school students, as evidenced by the majority of respondents agreeing that students from stable family homes are less likely to engage in behaviours leading to teenage pregnancy (77.0%), lack of parental supervision increases the risk of teenage pregnancy (76.4%), and strong family communication reduces the likelihood of teenage pregnancy (75.7%).

iii. The study found that poor household income influences teenage pregnancy among secondary school students, as evidenced by the majority of respondents agreeing that students from low-income households are more exposed to teenage pregnancy risks (74.3%), adequate household income reduces the likelihood of teenage pregnancy (75.3%), and lack of financial stability increases teenagers’ vulnerability to risky behaviour (74.7%).

iv. The study found that peer influence contributes to teenage pregnancy among secondary school students, as evidenced by the majority of respondents agreeing that peer groups significantly influence adolescents’ involvement in behaviours that may lead to teenage pregnancy (78.4%), exposure to peers engaging in risky behaviour increases the likelihood of teenage pregnancy (75.7%), and positive peer association reduces the risk of teenage pregnancy (76.4%).

CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS
This chapter covers the following outline:
5.1 Discussion of Findings 
5.2 Implications of the Finding 
5.3 Limitations of the Study 
5.4 Summary 
5.5 Conclusion
5.6 Recommendations
5.7 Suggestions for Further Studies 

UPLOADED BY MIRACLE