ASSESSING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DIETARY CHOICES AND RISK OF DIABETES AMONG STUDENTS IN CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF GHANA

TOPIC IS SUITABLE FOR:
1-Department of Nutrition and Dietetics

2-Department of Public Health

3-Department of Nursing Science

TOPIC: ASSESSING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DIETARY CHOICES AND RISK OF DIABETES AMONG STUDENTS IN CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF GHANA

TABLE OF CONTENT

Abstract

CHAPTER ONE: BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Statement of the Problem

1.3 Objectives of the Study

1.3.1 General Objectives

1.3.2 Specific Objectives

1.4 Research Questions

1.5 Significance of the Study

1.6 Scope of the Study

1.7 Organization of Chapters

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Conceptual Framework

2.2 Theoretical Framework

2.3 Review of Empirical Studies

2.4  Summary of Literature

CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Study Setting/Context

3.3 Study Design

3.4 Study Population

3.5.1 Inclusion Criteria

3.5.2 Exclusion Criteria

3.6 Sampling and Sample Size Calculation

3.6.1 Sample Size 

3.6.2 Sampling Techniques

3.7 Sampling Techniques

3.8 Data Collection Tool / Instrument

3.9 Instrument Validity and Reliability

3.10 Data Analysis

3.11 Ethical Considerations

CHAPTER FOUR: ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Data Presentation

4.2 Analysis of Data

4.3 Answering Research Questions

4.4 Discussion

CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Summary

5.2 Conclusion

5.3 Recommendations

5.4 Contribution to this Work

5.5 Further Study

REFERENCES

APPENDIX

ABSTRACT
This study assessed the relationship between dietary choices and the risk of diabetes among students at the Catholic University of Ghana. The study specifically was carried out to evaluate how specific dietary choices influence risk factors for diabetes among students at the Catholic University of Ghana, identify the eating patterns of students in the Catholic University of Ghana, and determine the prevalence of diabetes among students at the Catholic University of Ghana. A descriptive cross-sectional survey design was adopted. The study targeted undergraduate students, with a sample size of 213 determined using the Taro Yamane formula. Participants were selected through stratified random sampling, ensuring representation across faculties and academic levels. A structured questionnaire was used as the primary data collection instrument, capturing data on students’ dietary practices, physical activity levels, family history of diabetes, and awareness of the disease. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics including frequencies, percentages, tables, and charts. Findings revealed that 87% of students were aware of diabetes, yet only 39% could correctly identify at least three risk factors. Regarding lifestyle behaviors, 61% of students reported consuming fast food more than three times per week, and 48% indicated engaging in minimal physical activity. Only 12% of respondents had ever checked their blood sugar levels, while the self-reported diabetes prevalence stood at 2%. Based on the findings, it is recommended that the university should organize regular health screenings, promote awareness campaigns on diabetes prevention, improve access to healthy meals on campus, integrate wellness programs that encourage physical activity, and collaborate with health professionals to educate students about diabetes and healthy living.

Keywords: Diabetes, Prevalence, Risk Factors, Lifestyle, Students, Awareness, Health Behavior

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION (Preview)

1.1 Background of the Study

Globally, diabetes is one of the most common non-communicable diseases with significant disparities observed across different regions in terms prevalence. According to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), approximately 463 million adults aged 20-79 years were living with diabetes worldwide in 2024 (International Diabetes Federation, 2024). Iginla (2022) assert that the prevalence of diabetes in developing countries is much higher than that of developed countries, and it is estimated that by 2040 there will be approximately 642 million type 2 diabetes in the world. In Nigeria, the prevalence of DM is also a concern. A study conducted by Ogbera et al. (2023) reported a prevalence of 5.7% among adults in Nigeria, highlighting the increasing burden of diabetes in the country (Ogbera, Azenabor & Ezeokoli,). In Ghana, the prevalence of diabetes is estimated to be around 6.3%, with young adults increasingly being diagnosed (Ministry of Health [MOH], 2022).

Epidemiologically, diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disease that occurs due to the pancreas unable to produce enough insulin or the body cannot use the existing insulin efficiently as described by Indonesian Ministry of Health, (2024). This is so because insulin hormone serves to regulate blood sugar levels; if the hormone insulin fails to work, then there is an increase in blood sugar levels. Prince & Wilson (2023) citing WHO (2016) outlined that clinical manifestations of diabetes mellitus include increased urinate (polyuria), arousal (polydipsia), and increased hunger (polyphagia). Because it is a progressive disease, Zainab (2024) assert that the health status of the affected individual tends to deteriorate over time, when complications begin to appear arising from poor glycemic control. This situation can lead to a depreciation in the quality of life (QoL), as it is reflected in different aspects, such as a weakened physical state, impaired physical functioning, lower limb pain, lack of vitality, difficulty in social relationships, and emotional instability.

Undoubtedly, lifestyle behaviors particularly dietary choices, among the many management techniques for living with diabetes (LWD) plays a significant role in the development and progression of diabetes, making diet a critical focus for both prevention and management strategies. In Africa, where rapid urbanization and lifestyle transitions are influencing dietary behaviors, Mbanya & Nadia (2024) averred that diabetes prevalence is on the rise. Dietary choices, as opined by Evert & Damian (2024) include meal frequency, nutrient composition, and portion sizes, are critical determinants of health outcomes. Evidence suggests that excessive consumption of refined carbohydrates, sugary beverages, and saturated fats is linked to increased diabetes risk, whereas diets rich in whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and lean proteins offer protective benefits (American Diabetes Association [ADA], 2024).

In terms of diabetes prevention, evidence from clinical trials and observational studies by Brunt & Rhee, (2023) suggests that the consumption of several foods and beverages is associated with a reduction in diabetes risk, e.g., a high intake of whole grains, nuts, coffee, and a moderate consumption of alcohol and low intake of processed and unprocessed red meats and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs)6 (1). However, people do not consume single food groups but rather a combination of many foods. Chinenye & Uloko (2024) added that lifestyle modifications are fundamental components of DM management and include dietary changes, regular physical activity, weight management, and smoking cessation. A balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats can help control blood sugar levels and reduce the risk of complications.

Apparently, students, especially those in tertiary institutions, often adopt unhealthy eating patterns due to busy schedules, limited finances, and exposure to processed foods, contributing to the growing incidence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) like diabetes (Addo & Damasus, 2021). The availability of affordable, high-calorie foods and low physical activity among students exacerbate this issue, underscoring the need for targeted interventions in this population group. A college student’s diet is typically lacking in fruits, vegetables, and dairy products, and high in fat, sodium and sugar (Anding, Suminski, & Boss, 2021). According to the American College Health Association National College Health Assessment, only 6.4% of college students consume the recommended five or more fruits and vegetables per day. Many college students consume a diet that is limited in variety, which increases the likelihood of not meeting dietary recommendations and may play a role in worsening diabetis condition of such student

Given the formative nature of young adulthood, the dietary habits cultivated during university years often persist into later life, influencing long-term health outcomes (Rolland-Cachera et al., 2023). With rising healthcare costs and the burden of NCDs, promoting awareness and healthy eating practices among young adults is a public health imperative.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

In recent times, the increasing prevalence of diabetes among young adults poses a significant public health challenge, with tertiary students emerging as a high-risk group due to their dietary behaviors and lifestyle choices (WHO, 2024). Despite growing awareness of diabetes as a chronic disease, there is limited emphasis on prevention, particularly within the context of dietary practices among university students in Ghana (MOH, 2022). This gap highlights the need for targeted research to address the unique vulnerabilities of this population.

Bizarrely, unhealthy dietary patterns, including high consumption of sugary drinks, fast foods, and processed snacks, are prevalent among students due to time constraints, financial limitations, and the influence of peers Addo & Damasus (2021) in their study averred that while these choices provide immediate convenience, they contribute to poor glycemic control, obesity, and other metabolic disorders, which are precursors to diabetes. The absence of structured dietary education and intervention programs in tertiary institutions exacerbates this issue, leaving students ill-equipped to make informed food choices. On the other hand, Boucher, Cote, & Gagne (2022) suggest that if more attention is focused on incorporating diabetes nutrition education in high schools, it could assist college students with starting their freshman year with the tools and knowledge needed to make healthier nutritional choices. If college students receive effective nutrition interventions during their freshman year, it will contribute to a healthier dietary lifestyle throughout the college experience (Ha & Caine-Bish, 2024).

In the Catholic University of Ghana, anecdotal evidence suggests that students frequently skip meals, rely on junk food, and consume inadequate fruits and vegetables. These behaviors, coupled with limited physical activity as revealed by Asiedu & Franklyn (2024), heightens the risk of developing diabetes and other NCDs. However, empirical studies examining the prevalence of diabetes and its association with dietary habits in this demographic are scarce, creating a critical gap in understanding and intervention. Addressing these issues requires comprehensive research to evaluate the dietary choices of students, identify risk factors for diabetes, and propose strategies for fostering healthier eating patterns. Without such evidence, efforts to mitigate the diabetes burden among young adults will remain fragmented and ineffective, with long-term implications for individual and public health outcomes. Upon these premise, the present study seeks assess the relationship between dietary choices and the risk of diabetes among students at the Catholic University of Ghana.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

1.3.1 General Objective

The general objective of this study is to assess the relationship between dietary choices and the risk of diabetes among students at the Catholic University of Ghana.

1.3.2 Specific Objectives

The specific objective of the study are as follows:

1.To evaluate how specific dietary choices influence risk factors for diabetes among students at the Catholic University of Ghana.

2.To identify the eating patterns of students in the Catholic University of Ghana.

To determine the prevalence of diabetes among students at the Catholic University of Ghana.

OTHER PARTS OF CHAPTER ONE INCLUDE:
1.4 Research Questions

1.4 Significance of the Study

1.5 Scope of the Study

1.8 Organization of Chapters

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW (Preview)
This chapter critically examines relevant literature that would assist in explaining the research problem and, furthermore, recognizes the efforts of scholars who had previously contributed immensely to similar research. The chapter intends to deepen the understanding of the study and close the perceived gaps. This chapter, therefore, focuses on concept of diabetes mellitus, classification of diabetes mellitus, symptoms of diabetes mellitus, epidemiology of diabetes mellitus, pathology of diabetes mellitus, concept of diet and diabetes, etc. The chapter covers the following subheadings:

2.1 Conceptual Framework

2.2 Theoretical Framework

2.3 Empirical Studies

2.4 Appraisal of Literature

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY (Preview)
Research Design: The study adopted a cross-sectional descriptive research design.

Population of the Study: The population of the study comprises nursing students enrolled at the Catholic University of Ghana.

Sample Size Determination: The study adopted the Taro Yamane formula to determine a sample size of 228 participants.

Sampling Technique: The study employed a stratified random sampling technique to select the individual respondents.

Research Instrument: The study utilized a structured questionnaire as the instrument for data collection.

Methods of Data Analysis: The collected data were analyzed using frequencies, percentages, and means to summarize and present the respondents’ dietary habits, meal frequencies, diabetes prevalence, and related risk factors. Cross-tabulation was used to examine the relationship between dietary choices and diabetes risk factors.

CHAPTER FOUR; DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

MAJOR FINDINGS (Preview)

The analysis results were presented in tables. Based on the results obtained from the analysis, the following findings are made:

i. The study found that students at the Catholic University of Ghana exhibit dietary choices that may increase their risk of diabetes, as evidenced by 62.91% regularly consuming junk food, 52.11% consuming processed foods, 38.97% frequently consuming sugary drinks, and 38.03% frequently consuming processed or high-fat foods. Furthermore, 40.85% reported a family history of diabetes, 52.11% did not engage in physical exercise at least three times a week, and 12.67% reported high blood pressure, indicating the presence of dietary and lifestyle-related risk factors for diabetes.

ii. The study found that students at the Catholic University of Ghana generally maintain moderate meal frequencies but demonstrate eating patterns that may increase their risk of diabetes, as evidenced by 44.60% consuming three meals daily, 33.33% consuming two meals, and 67.61% regularly eating snacks between meals. Furthermore, 38.97% frequently consumed sugary drinks, 38.03% frequently consumed processed or high-fat foods, and only 8.45% consumed more than four daily servings of fruits and vegetables, indicating the need for healthier dietary practices.

iii. The study found that the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes among students at the Catholic University of Ghana is relatively low, as evidenced by 5.16% reporting a diagnosis of diabetes by a medical professional. However, 43.66% reported a family history of diabetes, 22.07% experienced symptoms commonly associated with diabetes, and 25.82% never checked their blood sugar levels. Furthermore, 40.38% rated their sugar consumption as moderate, while 22.54% rated it as high and 6.57% as very high, indicating the presence of potential risk factors that warrant increased screening, awareness, and preventive measures among students.

CHAPTER FIVE:  SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter covers the following outline:
5.1 Summary

5.2 Conclusion

5.3 Recommendations

5.4 Contribution to Knowledge

5.5 Further Study

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