EVALUATION OF HEALTH CONCERNS AND ATTITUDES OF WOMEN TOWARDS UTILIZATION OF MODERN CONTRACEPTIVES AT NARAGUTA PHC, JOS NORTH

TOPIC IS SUITABLE FOR:
1-Department of Public Health
2-Department of Nursing Science
3-Department of Community Health
4-Department of Health Education

TOPIC: EVALUATION OF HEALTH CONCERNS AND ATTITUDES OF WOMEN TOWARDS UTILIZATION OF MODERN CONTRACEPTIVES AT NARAGUTA PHC, JOS NORTH

TABLE OF CONTENT
Abstract
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
1.2 Statement of the Problem
1.3 Objective of the Study
1.4 Research Questions
1.5 Research Hypothesis
1.6 Significance of the Study
1.7 Scope of the Study
1.8 Definition of Terms
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW  
2.1.Conceptual Framework
2.2.Theoretical Framework
2.3.Empirical Review
2.4 Summary of Literature Reviewed
CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY    
3.1 Research Design    
3.2 Research Setting         
3.3 Target population                                  
3.4 Sample size 
3.5 Sampling technique    
3.6 Instruments for data collection     
3.7 Validity and Reliability of Instrument
3.8. Pilot Study    
3.9 Method of data collection 
3.10 Method of data analysis     
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
4.0 Introduction
4.1 Data Presentation
4.2 Demographic Analysis 
4.3 Analysis of the Level of Awareness of Modern Contraceptives among Women Attending Naraguta Primary Health Centre
4.4 Analysis of the Level of Utilization of Modern Contraceptives among Women Attending Naraguta Primary Health Centre
CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS
5.1 Discussion of Findings    
5.2 Implications of findings to nursing                            
5.3 Limitations of the study                            
5.4 Summary of the study                                      
5.5 Conclusion                                    
5.6 Recommendations                                 
5.7 Suggestions for further studies 
References
Appendix

ABSTRACT
This study was carried out to evaluate the health concerns and attitudes of women towards utilization of modern contraceptives using Naraguta Primary Health Centre, Jos North as a case study. The study was specifically carried out to assess the level of awareness of modern contraceptives among women attending Naraguta Primary Health Centre, determine the level of utilization of modern contraceptives among women attending Naraguta Primary Health Centre, evaluate the health concerns associated with the utilization of modern contraceptives among women attending Naraguta Primary Health Centre, and assess the attitudes of women towards the utilization of modern contraceptives at Naraguta Primary Health Centre. The study employed the descriptive survey research design. The population of the study was 250 women attending Naraguta Primary Health Centre, from which a sample size of 154 was determined using Taro Yamane formula, while a validated sample size of 139 respondents was used for analysis. The participants were selected using multi-stage sampling technique involving stratified and convenience sampling methods. The questionnaire was used for data collection, while the data collected were analyzed using frequency tables and percentage scores. The hypotheses were tested using Chi-square statistical tool at 0.05 level of significance. From the responses obtained and analyzed, the findings reveal that there is a significant relationship between awareness and utilization of modern contraceptives among women at χ² = 31.64, df = 1, p = 0.000. The study also shows that there is a significant relationship between health concerns and utilization of modern contraceptives at χ² = 28.47, df = 1, p = 0.000. The study further revealed moderate levels of awareness and utilization with noticeable health concerns influencing usage and mixed attitudes among women attending the health centre. The study therefore recommends that health workers should intensify reproductive health education, address misconceptions about side effects, strengthen counselling services, and improve access to modern contraceptive services in primary health centres.
Keywords: Modern contraceptives, awareness, utilization, health concerns, attitudes.

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION (Preview)
1.1 Background of the Study
Investing in maternal health and reproductive wellbeing continues to be a critical issue for sustainable health care systems globally. The dynamics of population, regulation of fertility and women's reproductive autonomy remain major concerns in the public health agendas of developing and developed countries. With reproductive choices having a major impact on maternal morbidity, child survival, household welfare and socioeconomic productivity, modern health care institutions focus more and more on prevention reproductive services. Modern contraceptive usage has remained a focal point of reproductive health interventions, contributing to safer reproductive experiences and a better health outcomes for mothers in sub Saharan Africa, as noted by Mankelkl et al. (2025). Today's reproductive health programs have also sparked discussions about women's rights to control their bodies, making choices for their health, and access to medical services. Bass et al. (2026) also described how women’s involvement in reproductive decision-making significantly influences their health-seeking behaviour and the health and wellbeing of their families. This has in turn added to the global focus on contemporary contraceptive education and use.
The growing focus of the institutions on reproductive health care in turn drew a significant attention on awareness and knowledge of modern reproductive health technologies among women of reproductive age. Awareness is an important stepping stone to an informed reproductive decision, as knowledge of contraceptive methods can influence people's willingness to use health care services. Bolarinwa et al. (2021) claim that the awareness of modern contraceptives has grown among the women in Nigeria as a result of health promotion, media, and community health promotion. Agbo et al. (2024) also reported that women who have good knowledge about contraceptive have a good perception about reproductive health intervention. There has been an increase in the dissemination of family planning information in primary health care facilities, which has also increased public awareness of the injectable contraceptives, oral pills, implants, intrauterine devices and barrier methods. Fehintola et al., (2022) found that women's educational exposure has a significant impact on their readiness to obtain reproductive health information. This growing buildup of contraceptive information has, therefore, helped to strengthen health dialogues on women's reproductive preference and usage in the Nigerian communities.
Rising awareness of modern contraceptives has also contributed to increased interest in use trends and women's attitudes to contraceptive use. Utilization indicates how well contraceptive methods are actually being used for fertility control and planning. Abubakar et al. (2023) described the utilization of contraceptives in Nigeria among the females as being variable depending on their level of education, access to health care, marital status and social orientation. Likewise, Adeniji et al. (2024) continued to assert that women in primary healthcare centres are becoming more knowledgeable about the use of modern contraceptive and reproductive counselling services. Attitudinal disposition is also an important factor in utilization as perception of safety, convenience and reproductive outcome can affect acceptance of a contraceptive method. Shehu et al. (2023) indicated that the attitudes of women to contraceptive uptake are influenced by personal beliefs, cultural attitudes, and the communication with health providers. What's more, positive reproductive attitudes often result in the continuity of contraceptive use among women in healthcare environments, as Crawford et al. (2021) reported.
The move from awareness to use has also brought in with it a lot of interest in women's health issues related to new contraceptive technologies in health care settings. Common health issues around contraceptive use often pertain to changes in periods, weight gain or loss, fertility and overall physical health. Daniel et al. (2021) described how women's experiences of reproduction can drive their attitudes towards the safety and acceptability of contraceptive options. Furthermore, Kasso et al. (2023) indicated that women who are in constant contact with health care providers tend to have better attitudes towards contraceptive counselling and reproductive monitoring. Adedini et al. (2021) further pointed out that community level experiences and interpersonal relationships are important factors influencing women's reproductive attitudes and contraceptive behavior. In Jos North, women have regular access to maternal and reproductive health services, including contraceptive education and uptake, within the Naraguta Primary Health Centre. Therefore, it is important to look at the awareness, utilization, health concerns and attitudes towards modern contraceptives of women accessing health services at the Naraguta Primary Health Centre, for a complete assessment of reproductive health services experiences at the health centre.

1.2 Statement of the Problem
The modern contraceptive medicines continue to play an important role in achieving reproductive health because they help to regulate fertility, space births and well-being of the mother. While there has been increased awareness campaigns of modern contraceptives by healthcare institutions and public health campaigns, there is inconsistent and uneven use among many women in Nigeria. Abubakar et al. (2023) noted that despite the existing disparity between contraceptive awareness and use, much still needs to be done among women of reproductive age in Nigeria. In the same vein, Bolarinwa et al. (2021) reported that the geographical area, education and social factors remain to have an impact on women's contraceptive practices in different communities. As can be seen from the current reproductive health realities, some women have elementary information about contraceptive methods, but are reluctant to use them continuously due to personal hesitancy, misconceptions and perceived health risks. This has created an increasing trend of concerns in primary-care where family-planning service is regularly offered.
An additional factor of concern is women's attitude and health related perceptions on the use of modern contraceptive. Kasso et al. (2023) found that women's uptake of contraceptive methods was significantly related to their attitudes towards safety, efficacy, and potential physiological responses. Adeniji et al. (2024) also detailed that numerous women still report feelings of anxiety about menstruation irregularity, fertility issues, changes of their bodies, and other perceived side effects of contraceptives. Such issues often shape the propensity to seek contraceptive services and to use them, even if they are available at health services. Shehu et al. (2023) further claimed that cultural orientation, interpersonal influences, and past health care experiences also contribute to attitudes towards modern contraceptives. As a result, the negative perceptions and varying degrees of acceptance of the female have ensured the uncertainties of the utilization pattern of contraceptives within several communities in Nigeria.
Women in the Naraguta Primary Health Centre, Jos North, have had access to maternal and reproductive health care services including family planning counselling and provision of contraceptive services. But there is little empirical evidence particularly focusing on the awareness level, utilization pattern, health concern and attitude of women towards modern contraceptives in the facility. The existing studies by Agbo et al. (2024), Solanke et al. (2023) and Daniel et al. (2021) focused mainly on general population and in different geographical areas leaving a gap in the study at the local area of Naraguta Primary Health Centre, in relation to women. The study thus becomes relevant to give an accurate assessment of women's awareness, utilization behaviour, health concerns and attitudinal disposition to use modern contraceptives in the study area. The results can help in better reproductive healthcare planning, improve family planning education and better service delivery strategies in primary healthcare centres in Jos North.
1.3 Objective of the Study
The main purpose of this study is to examine the evaluation of health concerns and attitudes of women towards utilization of modern contraceptives at Naraguta Phc, Jos North.
The specific objectives of the study seek to:
1.Assess the level of awareness of modern contraceptives among women attending Naraguta Primary Health Centre.
2.Determine the level of utilization of modern contraceptives among women attending Naraguta Primary Health Centre.
3.Evaluate the health concerns associated with the utilization of modern contraceptives among women attending Naraguta Primary Health Centre.
4.Assess the attitudes of women towards the utilization of modern contraceptives at Naraguta Primary Health Centre.
OTHER PARTS OF CHAPTER ONE INCLUDE:
1.4 Research Questions
1.5 Research Hypotheses
1.6 Significance of the Study
1.7 Scope of the Study
1.8 Operational Definition of Terms

CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF LITERATURE (Preview)
This chapter critically examines relevant literature that would assist in explaining the research problem and, furthermore, recognizes the efforts of scholars who had previously contributed immensely to similar research. The chapter intends to deepen the understanding of the study and close the perceived gaps. This chapter, therefore, focuses on the concept of contraception, the concept of modern contraceptives, types of modern contraceptive methods, health concerns associated with modern contraceptives, attitudes of women towards the utilization of modern contraceptives, factors influencing the utilization of modern contraceptives, and barriers to modern contraceptive utilization among women at Naraguta PHC, Jos North. The chapter covers the following subheadings:
2.1 Conceptual Framework
2.2 Theoretical Framework
2.3 Empirical Review
2.4 Summary of Literature Review

CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY (Preview)
Research Design: The study adopted a descriptive research design.
Population of the Study: The population of the study comprises women attending Naraguta Primary Health Centre, Jos North, Plateau State.
Sample Size Determination: The study adopted the Taro Yamane formula to determine a sample size of 154 participants.
Sampling Technique: The study employed a multi-stage sampling technique involving stratified and convenience sampling procedures to select the individual respondents.
Research Instrument: The study utilized a structured questionnaire as the instrument for data collection.
Methods of Data Analysis: The collected data were analyzed using frequencies and percentages to summarize and present the demographic characteristics of the respondents and their opinions. Inferential statistics, such as cross-sectional Chi-square, were used to test the hypotheses.

CHAPTER FOUR; DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
MAJOR FINDINGS (Preview)
The analysis results were presented in tables. Based on the results obtained from the analysis, the following findings are made:

i. The study found that women attending Naraguta Primary Health Centre, Jos North, have a high level of awareness of modern contraceptives, as evidenced by 74.1% of respondents who agreed that they were aware of modern contraceptive methods. The corresponding hypothesis test showed a chi-square value of 31.64, degree of freedom of 1, and p-value of 0.000 (p < 0.05), leading to the rejection of the null hypothesis. This indicates a significant relationship between awareness and utilization of modern contraceptives among women.

ii. The study found that the utilization of modern contraceptives among women attending Naraguta Primary Health Centre was relatively high, as 62.6% of respondents agreed that they currently used modern contraceptive methods, while 61.9% agreed that they consistently used them to prevent unintended pregnancy.

iii. The study found that women had notable health concerns regarding modern contraceptives, as 63.3% of respondents expressed concerns about side effects such as weight gain and irregular menstruation. The corresponding hypothesis test showed a chi-square value of 28.47, degree of freedom of 1, and p-value of 0.000 (p < 0.05), leading to the rejection of the null hypothesis. This indicates a significant relationship between health concerns and the utilization of modern contraceptives among women.

iv. The study found that women generally demonstrated positive attitudes towards modern contraceptives, as 66.9% of respondents expressed a positive attitude towards their use, 66.9% encouraged other women to use them for planned childbirth, and 67.7% supported their availability at primary health centres.

CHAPTER FIVE:  DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS
This chapter covers the following outline:
5.1 Discussion of Findings  
5.2 Implications of Findings
5.3 Limitation of the study 
5.4 Summary
5.5 Conclusion
5.6 Recommendations
5.7 Suggestions for Further Studies

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